Companion planting

The idea that some plants exert a beneficial effect on others growing nearby and other plants exert a malign influence is an ancient one. Many plants do defend themselves against insects by being poisonous to them or developing a strong scent that frightens them away, and it is possible that a plant growing close by might benefit from being in this bug-free zone.

For example, French marigolds (Tagetes patula) secrete an enzyme or a hormone into the soil that deters nematodes from infesting their roots, and it does seem that tomatoes or other nematode susceptible plants growing next door will be protected also. It may be significant that most of these beneficent plants are strongly aromatic.

On the other hand very few plants will grow under a walnut tree, and it's not just that the walnut casts deep shade: its fallen leaves decay to make substances that kill off the walnut's competitors. And it is very difficult to grow grass under most eucalypts. Here the culprit is the lerp insect, which feeds on the gum leaves. Its droppings fall to the ground and poison the grass. Kill off the lerp, and the grass grows green again.

However, in many cases there appears to be no firm evidence for the claims and when you trace them back you find they originate to medieval books where botany and astrology are marvellously entangled. Every plant was then believed to be under the governing influence of one of the planets, and it often turns out that the supposed sympathy or antipathy is based on nothing more than the compatibility of horoscopes.

The same celestial influences were also believed to indicate the medicinal 'virtues' of every plant, and although some medieval herbs are still used in medicine, many more have been shown to have no curative powers.

Roses, for instance, were held to cure almost anything you could think of but modern medicine denies them any curative powers at all. Bay trees wereparticular favourite of Apollo, and it was believed by the Greeks and Romans and for long after-that if you had one no harm could come to your house. Presumably it protected the garden too, but today its garden-protecting powers seem to have declined.

However, it can be great fun to try out the old ideas and, if nothing else, it can give you a happy feeling of kinship with the many generations of gardeners before you.

GOOD companions - Try them and see what happens.

• Basil with tomatoes, asparagus, beans, grapes, apricots and fuchsias

• Beans with potatoes and sweet corn

• Borage with strawberries

• Chives with carrots, cucumbers and tomatoes

• Citrus with guavas

• Cucumbers with potatoes

• Garlic with roses, apples, apricots and peaches

• Geraniums with grapes

• Grapes with mulberries

• Horseradish with almost any fruit tree

• Hyssop with cabbages and grapes

• Irises with roses

• Leeks with celery

• Lettuce with carrots, onions and strawberries

• Marigolds (French) with tomatoes, roses, potatoes, daffodils and beans

• Melons with sweet corn Mignonette with roses

• Mint with cabbages and other brassicas, and peas

• Nasturtiums with cucumbers, zucchini, squash and apple trees

• Onions with carrots, kohlrabi and turnips

• Parsley with roses, asparagus and tomatoes

• Peas with carrots

• Sage with cabbages

• Sunflowers with squash and sweet corn

• Thyme with any Brassica

• Wallflowers with apples

BAD companions - Some of the unhelpful combinations:

• Apples with potatoes

• Beans with garlic

• Cabbages with strawberries

• Gladioli with strawberries, beans and peas

• Hyacinths with carnations

• Mint with parsley

• Sunflowers with any vegetable but squash

• Wormwood with just about everything

You might also be interested in:
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Vegetable garden 101
Easy to grow vegetables
How to grow tomatoes
Vegetable Garden: Salad Selection
How to grow rosemary