Most children suffering from Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are of normal or high intelligence, and may have a specific learning disability that prevents them from taking in and sorting out information in the same way that other children do.

Does My Child Suffer from ADD/ADHD?

A diagnosis of ADD/ADHD is usually made using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM IV), a reference used by practitioners to assess the primary symptoms, in addition to a history-taking to review any genetic and behavioural risk factors. In addition, other criteria need to be taken into account, such as diet, toxic exposure and prescription medicines.

To be diagnosed as suffering from ADD/ADHD, the patient needs to exhibit at least six of the symptoms for inattention or at least six of the symptoms of the combined hyperactivity-impulsivity list to a degree that interferes with daily life.

Symptoms of Inattention

• Often ignores details, makes careless mistakes
• Often has trouble sustaining attention in work or play
• Often does not seem to listen when directly addressed
• Often does not follow through on instructions; fails to finish
• Often has difficulty organising tasks and activities
• Often avoids activities that require a sustained mental effort
• Often loses things he/she needs
• Often gets distracted
• Is often forgetful in daily activities

Symptoms of Hyperactivity-Impulsivity

Hyperactivity

• Often fidgets or squirms
• Often has to get up from seat
• Often runs or climbs when he or she shouldn't
• Often has difficulty with quiet leisure activities
• Often "on the go" as if driven by a motor
• Often talks excessively

Impulsivity

• Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed
• Often has difficulty waiting his/her turn
• Often interrupts or intrudes on others.

This is quite a generalised list, and everyone may be able to relate to some of these feelings at one time or another. When children are experiencing fast growth spurts, it is important to ensure that they are receiving enough minerals particularly calcium, zinc, magnesium and possibly iron. As it is often a time when children are particularly 'picky' about food, it is an additional reason to consider a supplement.

Nutritional Requirements

If the diagnosis of ADD or ADHD is made by your healthcare professional, there are many opportunities for improving the situation and outcome for your child. The first place to look is diet. Sugar is not considered to be a contributing factor to ADHD in children; and it has been found that eliminating sugar from the diet by itself does not bring about significant improvement over the long term.

However, some children who have a propensity towards the condition do better when dietary triggers are removed. These may include artificial colourings, flavourings, preservatives, refined carbohydrates and "junk" food generally. Food sensitivities, allergies and intolerances may be trigger factors. A common sensitivity is to wheat, and some children tolerate other grains such as spelt, kamut, millet and rice much better than they do wheat.

Any blood sugar irregularities should be investigated as these can lead to mood swings. As food intolerances can be caused by reactive or inflammatory bowel states, it is essential to address any digestive problems which can lead to malabsorption of the various nutrients that have particular implications in ADD/ADHD. Simply giving a supplement of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis for improved intestinal function can bring about marked improvement in nutrient levels.

It is recommended that any dietary changes are achieved in consultation with a naturopath, dietician or other health professional experienced in ADD/ADHD who can give guidance so that any restrictions do not cause deficiencies in other areas.

Extra Nutrients

• Fish Oils: the increased need for the essential fatty acids in people with ADD/ADHD has been extensively studied. Research suggests that some hyperactive children have a deficiency of omega-3 essential fatty acids which are found in fish oils.
• Zinc is required for the metabolism of these essential fatty acids, and it is interesting to note that children who have been diagnosed with ADD or ADHD tend to have lower levels of this vital mineral.
• Iron deficiency can lead to anxiety, aggressiveness and poor attention span, and any deficiency should be investigated and addressed. The frequent occurrence of 'restless legs syndrome' in children with ADHD may be associated with iron deficiencies.
• Magnesium deficiency has implications for the nervous system. In children with ADHD and magnesium deficiency, magnesium has been shown to cause a decrease in hyperactivity.
• Calcium is synergistic with magnesium and important for the nervous system. Children can easily become deficient in calcium at times of accelerated growth.
• B complex vitamins, particularly B1, B6 and B3, are indicated for a healthy metabolism and support to the nervous system.

Therapies

Counselling, play therapy and behaviour modification therapy and information on educational intervention should be considered to provide strategies and tools for coping with, and understanding, some of the behaviours associated with the condition. Support groups can provide invaluable information and assistance.

Summary of Recommendations:

• Address any digestive disturbances which may contribute to nutrient deficit
• Address food intolerances
• Supplement specific nutrients at age-appropriate dosage, with care taken over combinations with any pharmaceutical medication which may have been prescribed (if in doubt, seek advice from your healthcare practitioner)
• Seek counselling and appropriate additional therapy (eg cognitive therapy, behaviour modification)

Blackmores has qualified health experts on hand to answer your health questions at www.blackmores.com.au or you can call Blackmores' Naturopaths on 1800 803 760.